Card-Based ZKP for Connectivity: Applications to Nurikabe, Hitori, and Heyawake
Résumé
During the last years, several card-based Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) protocols for Nikoli's puzzles have been designed. Although there are relatively simple card-based ZKP protocols for a number of puzzles, such as Sudoku and Kakuro, some puzzles face difficulties in designing simple protocols. For example, Slitherlink requires novel and elaborate techniques to construct a protocol. In this study, we focus on three Nikoli puzzles: Nurikabe, Hitori, and Heyawake. To date, no cardbased ZKP protocol for these puzzles has been developed, partially because they have a relatively tricky rule that colored cells should form a connected area (namely, a polyomino); this rule, sometimes referred to as "Bundan-kin" (in Japanese), complicates the puzzles, as well as facilitating difficulties in designing card-based ZKP protocols.
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